Building inspections are a crucial step in the real estate process—whether you’re buying a home or assessing a commercial property. Inspections reveal potential problems with the structure, electrical and plumbing systems, HVAC, and more, giving buyers the information they need before making a major investment. Below are some of the most common issues uncovered during building inspections, why they matter, and what buyers should consider when they are identified.
Structural Deficiencies
Structural concerns are among the most serious findings an inspector can report. Common problems include foundation cracks, settling, sagging or uneven floors, roof deterioration, and damaged load-bearing elements. These issues can compromise the safety and long-term stability of a building and often require professional evaluation and significant repairs. When structural problems are found, it’s wise to engage a structural engineer for a detailed assessment and cost estimate before finalizing a purchase.
Water Damage
Water damage is frequently discovered, especially in older buildings or properties in flood-prone or high-humidity areas. Signs include ceiling or wall stains, peeling paint, warped wood, rotting framing, and musty odors—often accompanied by mold growth. Untreated water damage can lead to worsening structural problems and health hazards. For guidance on evaluating and remediating mold and moisture issues, consult resources from the EPA: EPA — Mold. If water intrusion is suspected, determine the source (roof, plumbing, grading, or flooding) and obtain contractor estimates for permanent repairs.
Electrical Problems
Electrical defects range from outdated wiring and insufficient grounding to overloaded circuits and obsolete panels. These conditions increase the risk of shocks and electrical fires. Inspectors typically check outlets, switches, service panels, grounding, and visible wiring. When deficiencies are noted, a qualified electrician should perform a full evaluation and provide repair or upgrade recommendations. For general safety information and best practices, see the Electrical Safety Foundation International: ESFI.
Plumbing Issues
Plumbing problems—such as leaks, corroded or frozen pipes, sewer line issues, and poor water pressure—are common during inspections. Left unresolved, leaks can cause extensive water damage, mold growth, and costly structural repairs. Inspectors will typically look for visible leaks, assess fixture and pipe condition, and test drainage and water pressure. If problems are detected, a licensed plumber can provide a scope of repairs and an estimate for replacement or remediation.
HVAC Concerns
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are essential for occupant comfort and indoor air quality. Common inspection findings include aging or inefficient equipment, inadequate insulation, leaky ductwork, and poor ventilation. These issues can increase energy costs and reduce comfort. Inspectors review system age, condition, and basic operation; however, a full HVAC contractor evaluation is recommended if performance is in question. For energy-efficiency guidance and maintenance tips, see ENERGY STAR’s heating and cooling resources: ENERGY STAR — Heating & Cooling.
What Buyers Should Do Next
If an inspection report identifies concerns:
- Prioritize safety and structural defects first—these can affect habitability and resale value.
- Obtain written repair estimates from qualified contractors or specialists (structural engineers, electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians).
- Negotiate repairs, seller credits, or price adjustments based on the inspection findings and repair costs.
- Consider additional specialist inspections when the general inspector flags complex systems or potential hidden damage.
Conclusion
Building inspections are an invaluable part of due diligence, revealing issues that might otherwise be overlooked. Common findings include structural deficiencies, water damage, electrical problems, plumbing issues, and HVAC concerns. Addressing these problems promptly—through repair, replacement, or negotiation—helps ensure safety, protect investment value, and avoid unexpected expenses after closing.
